By the 1800's the nation, rather than the church, had become the chief symbol that united people in many countries. Thus, religious control over formal schooling declined while that of the state increased.
In France, following the French Revolution of 1789, a national system of secondary schools and universities was set up under tight government control in 1802. Primary schools became part of the system in 1833. However, France did not reform its school system on nationalistic lines nearly so thoroughly as did Prussia and the United States. Prussia developed an educational system under which all children attended schools financed and regulated by the state. The curriculum dealt largely with German literature, geography and history. Teachers were not only well trained but also dedicated to the state. In1871, the king of Prussia became the first emperor of a united Germany. The Prussia system of nationalistic schools was widely believed to have contributed to Prussia's rise to power.
Greta Britain was one of the few European countries that did not form a state-controlled educational system in 1800's. In Britain, church and charitable societies promoted schools more extensively than did the government. Robert Owen, a mill owner and social reformer, started Great Britain's first infant, or nursery schools in early 1800. The most influential British schools of the 1800s were the public school such as Eton and Tugby. These schools, which were actually private, offered a classical secondary education for upper-class boys.
Girls were less well educated than boys, but from the 1800s more girls went to school, and a small but growing number of female students attended universities. Today, most national school systems are open to girls and boys on equal terms. However in some countries girls still receive an inferior education.
By the early 1900s state primary education was free and compulsory in most Western countries. Some countries also provided free secondary schooling. Vocational and technical education made great strides in Europe during the first half of the 1900s. But today many countries also stress general education at the secondary level. Many nations added infant, or nursery, schools to their system in the mid-1900s.
In France, following the French Revolution of 1789, a national system of secondary schools and universities was set up under tight government control in 1802. Primary schools became part of the system in 1833. However, France did not reform its school system on nationalistic lines nearly so thoroughly as did Prussia and the United States. Prussia developed an educational system under which all children attended schools financed and regulated by the state. The curriculum dealt largely with German literature, geography and history. Teachers were not only well trained but also dedicated to the state. In1871, the king of Prussia became the first emperor of a united Germany. The Prussia system of nationalistic schools was widely believed to have contributed to Prussia's rise to power.
Greta Britain was one of the few European countries that did not form a state-controlled educational system in 1800's. In Britain, church and charitable societies promoted schools more extensively than did the government. Robert Owen, a mill owner and social reformer, started Great Britain's first infant, or nursery schools in early 1800. The most influential British schools of the 1800s were the public school such as Eton and Tugby. These schools, which were actually private, offered a classical secondary education for upper-class boys.
Girls were less well educated than boys, but from the 1800s more girls went to school, and a small but growing number of female students attended universities. Today, most national school systems are open to girls and boys on equal terms. However in some countries girls still receive an inferior education.
By the early 1900s state primary education was free and compulsory in most Western countries. Some countries also provided free secondary schooling. Vocational and technical education made great strides in Europe during the first half of the 1900s. But today many countries also stress general education at the secondary level. Many nations added infant, or nursery, schools to their system in the mid-1900s.
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